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The material of glass is made up of three main parts: the basic raw material, the flux and the colorant, as well as the decolorizer, the clarifier and the emulsion.

The basic raw material for glass making.

Silica is the most important raw material for glass production. The reserves of silica on the earth are very large. Silica is the main raw material for stone and the main raw material for making glass.

The silicon content of different stones is different. These materials are the most common in our lives.

flux. The melting point of silica is very high, and it is very limited to achieve this honor. The ancients tried to add some other substances, and when it melted, the temperature became lower. In addition, the silica melts very abruptly, and there is no filter transition stage that gradually softens during the heating process, and after fusing some other substances, the glass can be in various glorious states at different temperatures, and the glass can be effectively shaped and shaped.

This substance is the flux.

The flux is usually a raw material containing sodium oxide, potassium oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide and other substances, such as limestone, feldspar, soda ash, boric acid, lead compounds, and barium compounds. (Sodium oxide can reduce the viscosity in the formation of glass, make the glass easy to melt, and play a good role in fluxing; Barium oxide plays a fundamental role with sodium oxide in the formation of glass; Tin oxide can increase the chemical stability and mechanical strength of glass; Lead oxide can increase density, improve serpentine, and have a special luster; Lead can make the glass have a large refractive index to light and a small scattering rate, making the glass more shiny and stable.

Clarifier. Some bubbles will appear in the process of making glass, and the clarifier used to reduce these bubbles is used. The main commonly used are arsenic oxide, antimony oxide and nitrate.

Emulsion. In the production of glass, the artist makes the glass opaque according to the requirements of the work, and the emulsion is the emulsion that makes the glass opaque. It can cause glass to produce crystalline or unfixed colloidal particles that differ from the refractive index of the glass itself to produce an opaque effect. Commonly used emulsions are tin oxide, antimony oxide, and phosphate.

Decolorizing agent. The head colorant is mainly used to eliminate the undesirable color brought by the impurities in the raw materials to the glass, so that the glass city is colorless and transparent. There are two main types of chemical decolorizing agents and physical decolorizing agents, and chemical decolorizing agents usually disappear through oxidation, mainly sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate. Physical decolorizers make glass colorless by producing complementary colors, mainly manganese dioxide, selenium and cobalt oxide, and bromine oxide.